2013年12月18日 星期三

2Ac Report: Punctuation

Punctuation
410115411 E2A 王晏綺

一、句點
1.
句點用於當一句話完全結束時。
2.
句點也可以用於英文單詞的縮寫,如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是當縮寫的字母形成了一個單詞的時候就不要使用句點。如 IBM, DNA等。

二、?問號
問號要用在一個直接的問句,而不是間接的。如 How will you solve the problem?是正確的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對了,應該使用句點而不是問號。
另外,在客氣的用語中,也是用句點而不是問號。例如:
Will you please give me a call tomorrow.

三、;分號
1.
與中文一樣,分號用於分隔地位平等的獨立子句。在某些情況下,使用分號比使用句點更顯出子句之間的緊密聯繫,另外分號也經常與連接副詞thus, however, therefore一起使用 (放在這些詞語之前)
例如:
I realize I need exercise; however, I’ll lie down first to think about it.
2.
在句子中如果已經使用過逗點,為了避免歧義的產生,就用分號來分隔相似的內容。
例如:
The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee.
需要注意的是:
一個完整的句子以大寫字母開始,以句點結束。寫英文時用逗點代替句點、分號、冒號或破折號叫逗號錯,這正是中國學生所要避免的。
請比較下列例句:
誤:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
(注意:上面句子中劃橫線的部分是兩個不同的主語,而且逗點前後的句子是完整的單獨拿出來都能代表一個完整的意思。因此,用逗號違反了英文規定,即一個句子只能有一套主幹。)
正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.


四、撇號或省字型大小Apostrophe ( ’ )
1.
構成名詞所有格
rest my son’s
a moment’s books
A three weeks’ pay

2.
除表動詞的緊縮形式外,還表一個或幾個字母和數位的省略
例如:
I’ve got it. “Yes, ma’am,” the waiter said.
注意:有相當大一部分省略詞是口語中的用法,不宜出現在書面語中。
例如:
I’d like to . . . (
在書面語中要寫作I would like to)

五、:冒號
1.
冒號用於對後面內容的介紹或解釋。
例如:
This is her plan: go shopping.
2.
冒號用於名單之前,特別是一個豎排的名單。
例如:
We transferred three employees to new branches:
• Tony Wang to New York City
• Mike Jackson to Tokyo
• Mark Foster to Paris
當名單橫排的時候,冒號要用在一個完整的句子之後。
例如:
We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor.
3.
冒號用於一個正式的引用之前。
例如:
The professor said: “It was horrible.”
4.
冒號也可用於商業或正式信函的稱謂後面。
例如:
Dear Mr. Lee:
(
美國英語中,信件或演說詞的稱呼語之後用冒號,而在英國英語中多用逗號。)
5.
冒號用於主標題和副標題之間。
例如:
Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data

六、,逗點
1.
逗點用於分隔一系列的簡單內容。
例如:
I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.

2.
逗點用於修飾名詞的多個形容詞之間。
例如:
a small, fancy bike
3.
逗點用於連接兩個較長的獨立子句,而且每个句子的主語不同。
例如:
The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired.
4.
逗點用於關聯的子句之間。
例如:
Since he’s your younger brother, please take care of him.
5.
逗點用於一個較長的修飾短語之後。
例如:
In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze.
6.
逗點用於直接引用的句子之前。
例如:
Mary said, “Let’s go fishing.”
(注意:這裏說的和上面提及的冒號在直接引語中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發言講話就要用冒號,一般情況下就用逗點。)
如果句中含有間接引用就不需要逗點。
例如:
Mary said we should go fishing.
在反問句之前要使用逗點。
例如:
He worked very hard, didn’t he

中國學生常見標點符號錯誤例析
(1)
頓號、書名號、句號、省略號錯誤
比較中英文標點符號可見,英文標點中沒有中文形式的頓號、書名號、句號和省略號。而這四種標點符號成了大學英語寫作中借鑒頻率較高的符號。
例如:
〔錯誤〕1. While she is readingGone With the Wind, I am cooking.
〔錯誤〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me, such as bananaorangeapple and pear.
英文中的印刷體用斜體字表示書籍、報刊、戲劇、電影、繪畫作品等的名稱,英文常用逗號來代替冒號;而句號是用實心小黑點表示。
故以上兩句應改為:
〔修改〕1. While she is reading Gone With the Wind, I am cooking. (印刷體)
While she is reading Gone With the Wind, I am cooking. (書寫體)
〔修改〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me, such as banana, orange, apple and pear.
(2) 冒號錯誤
冒號是中英文兼有的標點符號。在漢語中,冒號是表示提示性話語之後的停頓,常用在說、道、講、問、唱、回答、喊、吼等動詞的後面,以標明下面的話是誰說的。
此用法影響下列英文句子標點:
〔錯誤〕3. I thought to myself : “What kind of trap is she laying
〔錯誤〕4. He asked : “Where are you from
以上兩例中的冒號在英文中需用逗點表示。

漢語中的冒號還可用在如次如下例如等引起下文的提示語後邊。在英文表達中,“for example” (例如) 一類的詞後常用逗點代替冒號。
〔錯誤〕5. Good manners can be seen in everyday life.
For example : a person with good manners is kind and helpful to others.
〔修改〕5. Good manners can be seen in everyday life.
For example, a person with good manners is kind and helpful to others.


大學英語寫作中,與語法知識有關的標點錯誤主要有:

(1)
在疑問句形式的陳述句後使用問號。
例如:
〔錯誤〕What fun we girls could expect, to stay in the same class, studying for four long years with them I wondered.
〔修改〕What fun could we girls expect, to stay in the same class, studying for four long years with them, I wondered.

(2)
兩個完整的句子或兩個並列句之間不能一概用逗點點開,可用句號、分號或在逗點後加並列連詞 (and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet) 等方法修改。
故上例可改為:
〔例如〕She thought what the teacher pointed out was right. However, she didn’t care for that.
She thought what the teacher pointed out was right; however, she didn’t care for that.
She thought what the teacher pointed out was right, but she didn’t care for that.

(3)
兩個並列的形容詞間以and 代替逗點。
例如:
〔錯誤〕Through the window, in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of
the small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood.
現代英語表達一般在兩個形容詞中間不使用and,而是用逗點分隔。
例如:
〔修改〕
Through the window, in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of
the small clearing where I spent my lonely, hard childhood

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